The Literature → THC (Pediatrics)

THC toxicity & poisoning in children and teens: 15 papers with practical takeaways

Topics include dose thresholds for severe toxicity, national trends in edible exposures, youth ED surges during 2019–2022, Δ8-THC pediatric cases, and the core systematic review. All items link to PubMed or CDC.

Updated: Oct 18, 2025 Audience: Clinicians & Parents Format: Short summaries + citations

Curated Articles

Dose–Response • Pediatrics

Toxic THC dose threshold in < 6-year-olds with edibles

Ingested ≥1.7 mg/kg Δ9-THC strongly predicts severe and prolonged toxicity—clinically useful for triage/observation.

Summary

Retrospective multi-center review linking known edible THC dose to outcomes; dose, not age/sex, best predicted severity and time to baseline.

Pepin LC, Simon MW, Banerji S, Leonard J, Hoyte CO, Wang GS. Toxic Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Dose in Pediatric Cannabis Edible Ingestions. Pediatrics. 2023;152(3):e2023061374. PubMed

Epidemiology • Edibles & < 6 yrs

National trends in pediatric edible exposures (2017–2021)

Sharp rise in edible ingestions among children under 6 with substantial health-care utilization.

Summary

NPDS analysis quantifies trends, clinical effects, and dispositions; helpful for prevention messaging and packaging policy discussions.

Tweet MS, Gulbranson S, Nicks B, et al. Pediatric Edible Cannabis Exposures and Acute Toxicity: 2017–2021. Pediatrics. 2023;151(2):e2022057761. PubMedPDF

Surveillance • CDC MMWR

Youth cannabis-involved ED visits (U.S., 2019–2022)

539,106 cannabis-involved ED visits in persons <25; largest proportional increases among ≤10 and 11–14 during the pandemic.

Summary

National syndromic surveillance analysis; includes age-stratified rates and pandemic-period spikes—useful for local coalition briefings.

Roehler DR, Hoots B, Vivolo-Kantor A, et al. Cannabis-Involved Emergency Department Visits Among Persons Aged <25 Years — United States, 2019–2022. MMWR. 2023;72:749-755. CDCPDF

Δ8-THC • Case Series

Δ8-THC unintentional ingestions requiring PICU care

Two toddlers with severe Δ8 exposures required intensive care—alerts to “hemp” products sold as non-Δ9 THC.

Summary

Describes presentations, tox confirmation, and supportive management; reinforces counseling that Δ8 products can cause classic THC toxicity.

Bradley EK, Etzel RA, et al. Unintentional ingestion of putative delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol by two pediatric patients. J Med Toxicol. 2023;19(2):158-162. PubMed

Systematic Review • Pediatrics

Unintentional cannabis ingestion in children: systematic review

Common findings: lethargy, ataxia, hypotonia, mydriasis, hypoventilation—maintain high suspicion in altered children.

Summary

Aggregates dozens of pediatric cases; provides symptom frequencies, time course, and outcomes to guide ED observation and discharge advice.

Richards JR, Smith NE, Moulin AK. Unintentional cannabis ingestion in children: a systematic review. J Pediatr. 2017;190:142-152.e1. PubMed

Clinical Review • Pediatric Emergencies

Comprehensive review of pediatric cannabis emergencies

Clear orientation to pharmacology, presentations, epidemiology, and ED management points for children/adolescents.

Summary

Summarizes common findings (somnolence, ataxia, hypotonia, vomiting) and red flags (respiratory depression, apnea). Offers pragmatic workup and disposition advice to limit low-yield testing.

Stoner MJ, Borawski K, Wang GS, et al. Marijuana use in children: an update focusing on pediatric emergencies. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2022;23(2):100170. PubMedPMC

Syndrome • CHS in Pediatrics

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS): pediatric update

CHS presents with recurrent vomiting and dehydration; standard antiemetics often fail—consider capsaicin or dopamine antagonists.

Summary

Reviews diagnostic criteria (chronic use + cyclic vomiting + relief with hot bathing), differentials, and treatment pathways for teens; emphasizes counseling on abstinence to prevent recurrence.

Dosani K, Koletic C, Alhosh R. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Pediatrics: An Emerging Problem. Pediatrics in Review. 2021;42(9):500–506. PubMed

ED Series • Single Center

Pediatric ED edible ingestions—presentation & outcomes

<10 years associated with bradypnea, hypertension, and admission; respiratory depression not rare.

Summary

Retrospective series of pediatric ED visits for cannabis products; details vitals, symptom clusters, imaging/lab utilization, and disposition—useful for local protocol design.

Kaczor EE, Zielinski MJ, Teter CJ, et al. Cannabis Product Ingestions in Pediatric Patients. West J Emerg Med. 2021;22(5):1114–1122. PubMedPMC

Policy Impact • Pre/Post Legalization

Unintentional exposures before vs after legalization

Post-legalization period showed more pediatric cases with altered consciousness and vomiting—supports prevention/packaging policies.

Summary

Retrospective pediatric center analysis comparing presentations, tox screens, and admission rates across policy eras; highlights need for child-resistant packaging and public education.

Coret A, To T, Friedman JN, et al. Unintentional cannabis exposures in children pre/post legalization: a retrospective study. Paediatr Child Health. 2022;27(5):269–275. PubMedPMC

Guidance • ED/CPS Considerations

Presentation, management, and CPS considerations

Targeted history can limit unnecessary tests; includes documentation tips and when CPS reporting is indicated.

Summary

Practical guidance covering triage, observation windows, differential diagnosis, family counseling, and mandated reporting nuances for pediatric cannabis exposures.

Dubinin A, Sills MR, Wang GS. Presentation, Management, and Child Protective Services Considerations for Pediatric Cannabis Exposures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2024;40(6):301–307. PubMed

Clinical • Narrative

Accidental cannabis ingestion in young children

Common symptoms include somnolence, vomiting, and ataxia; underscores need for awareness of 1.7 mg/kg Δ9-THC threshold.

Summary

Canadian narrative review highlighting symptom patterns, ED length of stay, and community prevention recommendations.

Zwiebel H, et al. Accidental cannabis ingestion in young children. CMAJ. 2025;197(32):E1045–E1050. PubMedPMC

Cardiorespiratory • Severe Toxicity

Asystole and apnea after pediatric THC overdose

Life-threatening cardiac arrest can occur after large edible ingestion—supports extended observation for severe cases.

Summary

Case of a 3-year-old with delayed asystole; reviews mechanisms and resuscitation pearls for ED and PICU teams.

Masilamani MSJ, et al. Asystole in a young child with tetrahydrocannabinol overdose. Front Toxicol. 2024;6:1371651. PubMedPMC

Outbreak • Restaurant Exposure

Community-wide THC intoxication from restaurant food

Cross-contamination from THC-infused oil caused a multi-age outbreak including pediatric cases; highlights need for labeling oversight.

Kita-Yarbro A, et al. Tetrahydrocannabinol Intoxication from Food at a Restaurant — Wisconsin, October 2024. MMWR. 2025;74:845–848. CDCPDF

Syndrome • CHS in Adolescents

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Adolescents

Describes diagnostic challenges and limited efficacy of standard antiemetics; emphasizes need for use-history screening.

Pietrantoni C, et al. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Adolescents. Children (Basel). 2025;12(4):75. PubMedPMC

Clinical • Urine Tox & Screening

Urine toxicology screening for altered mental status in youth

AAP guidance supports targeted THC screening as edible exposures rise; avoids unnecessary broad panels.

Van Oyen A, Doron O, et al. Urine Toxicology Test for Children With Altered Mental Status After THC Exposure. Pediatrics. 2023;152(5):e2022060861. PubMed

Informational only — not medical advice. For any pediatric THC ingestion, seek emergency care and contact poison control (1-800-222-1222).